Exploring The Link Between Demographic Factors and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) Among Indonesian Adolescents : An Educational Psychology Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v11i2.16022Keywords:
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Status, Education Level, Gender.Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationship between demographic factors and self-injury behavior (Non-Suicidal Self-Injury/ NSSI) in Indonesian adolescents from an educational psychology perspective. Using a cross-sectional study method with a quantitative approach, this study involved 213 adolescents aged 12-18 years (Mage = 14.95; SD = 1.52). Participants were recruited via a purposive sampling method. The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) was employed to assess self-injurious behaviors. Inferential analysis utilized the Chi-square test to examine associations between categorical demographic variables, while one-way ANOVA was conducted to identify significant differences in mean NSSI scores across independent groups. The result showed that the proportion of participants who reported doing NSSI did not differ by socioeconomic status and education level. However, a significant association was found between NSSI and gender. Furthermore, it was also found a significant difference in the degree of NSSI between male and female adolescents. Females were more potential than males to do NSSI. These findings emphasize the imperative for educational psychology policies to incorporate routine screenings, targeted intervention or educational programs to alleviate NSSI among female adolescents. It should also implement professional training and culturally sensitive mental health services to create stigma-free environments that promote early intervention and resilience-building.
References
Anjara, S. G., Brayne, C., & Van Bortel, T. (2021). Perceived causes of mental illness and views on appropriate care pathways among Indonesians. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00497-5
Ao, M.Q., Luo, D., Hou, H., et al. (2024). Exploring the effect of family function on non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents in different family socioeconomic status. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0(0), https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640241291575
Arinda, O. D., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2021). NSSI (Nonsuicidal Self-Injury) of emerging adults in Jakarta: An interpretative phenomenological approach. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 8(1), 123–147. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu150.
Berger, G., Häberling, I., Lustenberger, A., Probst, F., Franscini, M., Pauli, D., & Walitza, S. (2022). The mental distress of our youth in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Swiss Medical Weekly, 152, w30142. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2022.w30142
Blakemore, S.J. (2019). Adolescence and mental health. The Lancet, 393, 2030–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31013-X
Bresin, K. & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009
De Luca, L., Pastore, M., Palladino, B. E., Reime, B., Warth, P., & Menesini, E. (2023). The development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) during adolescence: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 339, 648-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.091
Elvina, N., & Bintari, D. R. (2023). The Role of Religious Coping in Moderating the Relationship between Stress and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). Humaniora, 14(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v14i1.7907
Fernandez, J. A., Jaladin, R. A. M., & Lau, P. L. (2024). Nonsuicidal Self-injury in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Literature Review. Millennial Asia, 15(1), 160-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/09763996221095146
Foulkes, L. (2024). Coming of Age: How Adolescence Shapes Us. London: Bodley Head.
Franke, T. M., Ho, T., & Christie, C. A. (2011). The chi-square test: Often used and more often misinterpreted. American Journal of Evaluation, 33, 448-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214011426594
Hamza, C. A., Heath, N. L. (2018). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: What Schools Can Do. In: Leschied, A., Saklofske, D., Flett, G. (eds) Handbook of School-Based Mental Health Promotion. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89842-1_14
Hidayati, F., Fanani, M., & Mulyani, S. (2023). Prevalence and Help Seeking Behavior for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury on College Students: 10.55131/jphd/2023/210219. Journal of Public Health and Development, 21(2), 223–240. retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/AIHD-MU/article/view/261103
Howe-Martin, L. S., Murrell, A. R., Guarnaccia, C. A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. J Clin Psychol, 68(7), 809–829. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21868
Iyanda, A. E., Krishnan, B., & Adeusi, T. J. (2022). Epidemiology of suicidal behaviors among junior and senior high school adolescents: Exploring the interactions between bullying victimization, substance use, and physical inactivity. Psychiatry Research, 318(114929), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114929.
Izzah, F. N., & Ariana, A. D. (2022). Hubungan Perceived Social Support dengan Perilaku Non-suicidal Self-Injury pada Remaja. Buletin Riset Psikologi Dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM), 2(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.20473/brpkm.v2i1.31904
Jarvi, S. M., Swenson, L. P., & Batejan, K. L. (2017). Motivation for and use of social networking sites: Comparisons among college students with and without histories of non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of American College Health, 65(5), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1312410
Khairunnisa, N., & Oriza, I.I.D. (2023). Psychological Inflexibility and Non-Suicidal SelfInjury (NSSI) Behavior among Emerging Adults: Life Satisfaction as Moderator. Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 15 (2): 124 – 133. DOI: 10.31289/analitika.v15i2.10365
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: What We Know, and What We Need to Know. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 565-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405901101
Kumar, R. (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners (5th ed.). SAGE Pubications, Inc.
Lan, Z., Pau, K., Md Yusof, H., & Huang, X. (2022). The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Sleep, Exercise, and Social Support. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 1451-1463
https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S363433
Lang, J, & Yao, Y. (2018). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in chinese middle school and high school students: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(42): p e12916, DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012916
Li, W., Han, Y., Hu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Childhood trauma and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: The chain mediating effects of alexithymia and experiential avoidance. Acta psychologica, 251, 104634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104634
Liang, S., Yan, J., Zhang, T., Zhu, C., Situ, M., Du, N., Fu, X., & Huang, Y., (2014). Differences between non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempt in Chinese adolescents. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 8, 76-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.11.015
Liu J, Gao Y, Liu X, Wang H. (2024) Developmental trajectories of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: The effect of social support and socioeconomic status. Suicide Life Threat Behav. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.13110.
Liu, W. J., Zhou, L., Wang, X. Q., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., & Jiang, J. F. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in relationship between negative life events and depression among Chinese adolescents. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(6), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.10.004
Lutz, N. M., Neufeld, S. A. S., Hook, R. W., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., Goodyer, I. M., Ford, T.J., Chamberlain, S.R., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2022). Why Is Non-suicidal Self-injury More Common in Women? Mediation and Moderation Analyses of Psychological Distress, Emotion Dysregulation, and Impulsivity. Archives of Suicide Research, 27(3), 905–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2022.2084004
Ma, S., & Su, Z. (2023). Current status of nonsuicidal injuries and associated factors among junior high school students in Hainan Province, China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 11 (199), 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01227-x
Magson, N.R., Freeman, J.Y.A., Rapee, R.M., Richardson, C.E., Oar, E.L., & Fardouly, J. (2021). Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc. 50(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
Mahardika, H. F. K., Kustin, K., & Yuhbaba, Z. N. (2021). The relationship between mental health literacy and stigma mental disorder in the Soko Village Community, Bagelen District, Purworejo Regency. International Journal of Islamic and Complementary Medicine, 2(2), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.55116/IJIM.V1I1.19
Munir, J., Faiza, M., Jamal, B., Daud, S., & Iqbal, K. (2023). The Impact of Socio-economic Status on Academic Achievement. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.308
Pandia, V., Noviandhari, A., Amelia, I., Hidayat, G. H., Fadlyana, E., & Dhamayanti, M. (2021). Association of Mental Health Problems and Socio-Demographic Factors Among Adolescents in Indonesia. Global pediatric health, 8, 2333794X211042223. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X211042223
Poudel, A., Lamichhane, A., Magar, K.R., & Khanal, G.P. (2022). Non suidical self-injury and suicidal behavior among adolescents: co-occurrence and associated risk factors. BMC Psychiatry, 22(96), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03763-z
Pratiwi, S. D., & Djuwita, R. (2022). Hubungan Gaya Hidup dengan Kesehatan Mental Remaja di Indonesia (Analisis Data Global School-Based Student Health Survey Indonesia 2015). Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas, 7(1), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.14710/jekk.v7i1.11905
Putri, N. R., & Nusontoro, E. (2020). Pengaruh harga diri terhadap kecenderungan perilaku self-injury pada siswa SMP Negeri di Kecamatan Tembalang tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Jurnal Edukasi: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 6(2), 139-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/je.v6i2.6324
Rajhvajn Bulat L., Sušac, N., & Ajduković, M. (2024). Predicting prolonged non-suicidal self-injury behaviour and suicidal ideations in adolescence – the role of personal and environmental factors. Current Psychology, 43, 1533-1544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04404-8.
Ramsey, R.., Kaplan, D. M., & Cross, E.S., (2021). Watch and learn: The cognitive neuroscience of learning from others’ actions. Trends in Neurosciences, 44, 179-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.007
Sari, M. P., Dewi, F. I. R., & Idulfilastri, R. M. (2021). Socio-demographic factors and quality of life: A cross-sectional study among Indonesian adolescence. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021) (pp. 1290 – 1295). Atlantis Press. DOI: 10.2991/assehr.k.210805.202
Shi, L., Xiao, J., Guo, J., Zeng, S., Wang, S., & Gong, J. (2024). The Role of Cognitive and Emotional Factors in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among College Students: A Network Analysis. Psychology research and behavior management, 17, 3951–3964. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S476637
Sitaresmi, M. N., Indraswari, B. W., & Rozanti, N. M. et al. (2022). Health-related quality of life profile of Indonesian children and its determinants: a community-based study. BMC Pediatr, 22(103). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03161-0
Sornberger, M. J., Heath, N. L., Toste, J. R., & McLouth, R. (2012). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Gender: Patterns of Prevalence, Methods, and Locations among Adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(3), 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.0088.x
Stänicke, L. I., (2021). The Punished Self, the Unknown Self, and the Harmed Self – Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Self-Harm Among Adolescent Girls. Front. Psychol. 12:543303. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.543303
Subu, M. A., Dias, J. M., Mottershead, R., Ahmed, F. R., Narulita, S., Maryuni, M., Zakiyah, Z., Nurbaeti, I., Mohamed Al Marzouqi, A., & Al-Yateem, N. (2024). Exploring mental health stigma among Indonesian healthcare students towards individuals with mental illnesses: a qualitative study. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 19(1), 2327103. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2024.2327103
Swannell, S.V., Martin, G.E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N.J. (2014). Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 44(3), 273-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12070
Syahril, S.A. (2024). The influence of social media use on adolescent mental health: A literature review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(01), 1820-1824. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.1.1280
Tanaka, S., Maulina, V. V. R., Shanti, T. I., & Prabowo, M. W. (2025). Cultural diversity in beliefs regarding mental illness: comparison of Indonesian Muslims, Indonesian Christians, and Japanese non-religions. Frontiers in psychology, 16, 1524680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1524680
Townsend, E., Ness, J., Waters, K., Rehman, M., Kapur, N., Clements, C., Geulayov, G., Bale, E., Casey, D., & Hawton, K. (2022). Life problems in children and adolescents who self-harm: findings from the multicentre study of self-harm in England. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(4), 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.1254.
Tresno, F., Ito, Y., & Mearns, J. (2012). Self-injurious behavior and suicide attempts among Indonesian college students. Death Studies, 36(7), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.604464
UNICEF Indonesia. (2023). Annual Report 2023: Advancing Health Care of Mothers and Children. UNICEF. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/20911/file/UNICEF%20AR%202023%20English.pdf
Valenciaâ€Agudo, F., Burcher, G. C., Ezpeleta, L., & Kramer, T. (2018). Nonsuicidal Selfâ€injury in community adolescents: A systematic review of prospective predictors, mediators and moderators. Journal of Adolescence, 65(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.012.
Victor, S. E., Styer, D., & Washburn, J. J. (2016). Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI): Cross-sectional associations with NSSI duration and longitudinal changes over time and following treatment. Psychiatry Research, 241, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.083.
Vogel, D. L., & Heath, P. J. (2016). Men, masculinities, and help-seeking patterns. In Y. J. Wong & S. R. Wester (Eds.), APA handbook of men and masculinities (pp. 685–707). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14594-031
Wang, X., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., Liu, W., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., & Zang, S. (2023). Association of adolescent self-esteem in 2014 and cognitive performance in 2014, 2016, and 2018: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180397
Weinberg, D., Stevens, G. W. J. M., Duinhof, E. L., & Finkenauer, C. (2019). Adolescent Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health Inequalities in the Netherlands, 2001–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193605
Wichstrøm, T., & Wichstrøm, L. (2024). Childhood predictors on Nonsuidical self-injury in adolescence: A birth cohort study. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 63(11), 1114-1122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2023.12.013
Wiguna T., Ismail R. I., Sekartini R., Rahardjo N. S. W., Kaligis F., Prabowo A. L., & Hendarmo R. (2018). The gender discrepancy in high-risk behaviour outcomes in adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.021
Wiguna, T., Minayati, K., Kaligis, F., Ismail, R. I., Wijaya, E., Murtani, B. J., & Pradana, K. (2021). The Effect of Cyberbullying, Abuse, and Screen Time on Non-suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents During the Pandemic: A Perspective From the Mediating Role of Stress. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 743329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.743329
Wilkinson, P. O., Qiu. T., Jesmont, C., Neufeld, S. A. S., Kaur, S. P., Jones, P. B., & Goodyer, I. M. (2022). Age and gender effects on non-suicidal self-injury, and their interplay with psychological distress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 306, 240-245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.021
World Health Organization. (2024). Investing in a safe, healthy and productive transition from childhood to adulthood is critical. Access from https://data.unicef.org/topic/adolescents/overview/
Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., & Huang, X. (2022) Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers Psychiatry, 13, 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.912441
Yani, D. I., Chua, J. Y. X., Wong, J. C. M., Pikkarainen, M., Goh, Y. S. S., & Shorey, S. (2025). Perceptions of Mental Health Challenges and Needs of Indonesian Adolescents: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13505
Zhang, Y., Suo, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, M., Qian, L., Shang, L., Zhang, D., Xu, F., Li, W. (2022). The Relationship Between Negative Life Events and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated-Mediation Model. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 18, 2881-2890
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
License and Publishing AgreementIn submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.
Authors who publish with JK agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.Â
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
- Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
