Development of Digital Teaching Materials Based on Differentiated Learning Assisted by Artificial Intelligence to Improve Students’ Historical Literacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v11i3.16735Keywords:
Digital Teaching Materials, Differentiated Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Historical LiteracyAbstract
This study aims to develop of digital teaching materials based on differentiated learning assisted by artificial intelligence to improve students' historical literacy. This research was conducted as research and development by following the ASSURE research and development procedure. The research subjects were high school students in Banyuwangi city, and the research instruments used questionnaires, interviews and observations, and the data analysis. techniques used quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques. The research results revealed that (1) the majority of students expressed interest in using digital teaching materials, (2) Students hoped that teaching materials in the form of electronic books could facilitate the learning process from anywhere. (3) Although students have known various histories and cultures in Banyuwangi, only a few know the historical background of a culture in Banyuwangi, and (4) Digital history teaching material products based on differentiation with the help of artificial intelligence products about the history of the Gandrung dance are suitable for use in the learning process in the classroom. The results of this research and development show a 2-tailed significance value for the experimental class of 0.000. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental class has a 2-tailed significance value <0.05, which means H0 is rejected. This proves that the Gandrung dance history teaching material has a positive influence on improving historical literacy.
References
Amirtharaj, A. D., Raghavan, D., & Arulappan, J. (2023). Preferences for printed books versus E−books among university students in a Middle Eastern country. Heliyon, 9(6), e16776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16776
Aniefiok-Ezemonye, I. (2021). THE CHALLENGES OF HISTORICAL OBJECTIVITY: HISTORY AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE PAST AND PRESENT.
Barhoumi, E. M. (2023). The effects of controlled self-learning on the improvement of soft and cognitive skills of engineering students: A focused analysis. Learning and Motivation, 83, 101915. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2023.101915
Barsch, S. (2024). Addressing diversity: An analysis of German curricula for history. Hungarian Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1556/063.2023.00261
Bilad, M., Zubaidah, S., & Prayogi, S. (2024). Addressing the PISA 2022 Results: A Call for Reinvigorating Indonesia’s Education System. International Journal of Essential Competencies in Education, 3, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36312/ijece.v3i1.1935
Bleeze, R. (2024). Fostering historical consciousness and empathy in lower secondary students: A comparative study of history curricula in Australia and Singapore. Heliyon, 10(4), e25769. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25769
Bušljeta, R. (2013). Effective Use of Teaching and Learning Resources. Czech-Polish Historical and Pedagogical Journal, 5. https://doi.org/10.2478/cphpj-2013-0014
Chamberlin, M., & Powers, R. (2010). The promise of differentiated instruction for enhancing the mathematical understandings of college students. Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications: An International Journal of the IMA, 29(3), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1093/teamat/hrq006
Dai, Y. (2024). Why students use or not use generative AI: Student conceptions, concerns, and implications for engineering education. Digital Engineering, 100019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dte.2024.100019
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
Defitriani, E. (2019). DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION: APA, MENGAPA DAN BAGAIMANA PENERAPANNYA. PHI: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 2, 111. https://doi.org/10.33087/phi.v2i2.38
Dost, G., & Mazzoli Smith, L. (2023). Understanding higher education students’ sense of belonging: a qualitative meta-ethnographic analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(6), 822–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2191176
El Khdar, A., Rguibi, S., & Bouziane, A. (2019). A Case Study of Differentiated Instruction in the EFL Reading Classroom in one high school in Morocco. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 4, 1862–1868. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.46.38
Eslit, E. (2023). 21st Century Teaching: Updates, Challenges, and Best Practices. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21864.65284
Evendi, H., Rosida, Y., Zularfan, D., & Negeri, S. (2023). Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi dalam Pembelajaran Matematika di Kurikulum Merdeka SMPN 4 Kragilan. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(2).
Farizi, S. F., Umamah, N., & Soepeno, B. (2023). The Effect of the Challenge Based Learning Model on Critical Thinking Skills and Learning Outcomes. Anatolian Journal of Education, 8(1), 191–206.
Gibson, L., Peck, C. L., Miles, J., & Duquette, C. (2025). Historical thinking: Trends, critiques, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 65, 102088. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102088
Grewal, S., Manuel, M., & Veettil, R. (2024). Principles and Procedures of Material Development in the Evolving ELT Scenario. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias, 3, 656. https://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024656
Guo, P., Saab, N., Post, L. S., & Admiraal, W. (2020). A review of project-based learning in higher education: Student outcomes and measures. International Journal of Educational Research, 102, 101586. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101586
Gupta, P., Ding, B., Guan, C., & Ding, D. (2024). Generative AI: A systematic review using topic modelling techniques. Data and Information Management, 8(2), 100066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dim.2024.100066
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
Khan, N., Khan, Z., Koubaa, A., Khan, M. K., & Salleh, R. bin. (2024). Global insights and the impact of generative AI-ChatGPT on multidisciplinary: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis. Connection Science, 36(1), 2353630. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2024.2353630
Kuwoto, M. A., Yulifar, L., & Ma’mur, T. (2022). THE MERDEKA CURRICULUM REFORM ON ASPECTS OF HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS IN HISTORY SUBJECTS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS. In Jurnal Pendidikan dan Multikulturalisme (Vol. 4, Issue 3).
Langelaan, B., Gaikhorst, L., Smets, W., & Oostdam, R. (2024). Differentiating instruction: Understanding the key elements for successful teacher preparation and development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 140, 104464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104464
Lee, D., Arnold, M., Srivastava, A., Plastow, K., Strelan, P., Ploeckl, F., Lekkas, D., & Palmer, E. (2024). The impact of generative AI on higher education learning and teaching: A study of educators’ perspectives. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, 100221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100221
Levine, M. D., Wagner, V. M., Riedinger, C. J., Khadraoui, W., Haight, P. J., Morton, M., Barrington, D. A., Calo, C. A., Castaneda, A. V, Lightfoot, M., Chalif, J., Gonzalez, A., & Cohn, D. E. (2024). Learning to lead: The evolution of a pilot leadership curriculum for gynecologic oncology fellows at the Ohio State University. Gynecologic Oncology Reports, 52, 101327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2024.101327
Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Yu, Z., Liu, Z., Liu, D., Lin, H., Li, M., Ma, S., Avdeev, M., & Shi, S. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence and its applications in materials science: Current situation and future perspectives. Journal of Materiomics, 9(4), 798–816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2023.05.001
López-Fernández, C., Tirado-Olivares, S., Mínguez-Pardo, R., & Cózar-Gutiérrez, R. (2023). Putting critical thinking at the center of history lessons in primary education through error- and historical thinking-based instruction. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101316
Mais, A., & Yaum, L. A. (2025). Innovative Differentiated Learning for Inclusive Schools : Supporting Students with Special Needs. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 11(2), 747. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v11i2.15089
Maposa, M., & Wassermann, J. (2008). Conceptualising historical literacy: a review of the literature. Yesterday and Today, 41–66.
Mohamed, F. T., Olamo, T. G., & Yemiru, M. A. (2025). Effect of differentiated instruction on primary EFL students’ writing performance and perception: The case of grade 7 students in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101230
Musyaffi, A. M., Adha, M. A., Mukhibad, H., & Oli, M. C. (2024). Improving students’ openness to artificial intelligence through risk awareness and digital literacy: Evidence form a developing country. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 101168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101168
Ndomondo, E. (2024). Promoting history subject skills through competency-based assessment in Tanzania rural secondary schools: Teachers’ understanding and practices. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9, 100876. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100876
Pratama, A., Wahyudin, U., Hatimah, I., Sulistiono, E., Fuadi, D., Ferianti, F., Hidayat, T., Haryanto, H., & Sardin, S. (2024). From Tradition to Action: The Potential of Community Empowerment Through Local Wisdom for Sustainable Environmental Protection Practices. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 271–282. https://doi.org/10.55549/epess.820
Purwanta, H. (2023). Indonesian secondary history literacy skills level: case study of public and private high schools in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 5, 2023050. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023050
Retnaningrum, E., Widyatiningtyas, R., Risna Sari, A., Sapulete, H., Solissa, M., & Sujana, G. (2023). Teacher’s Paradigm in Interpreting the Birth of the Merdeka Curriculum Policy. In Journal of Education Research (Vol. 4, Issue 2).
Rokayah, R., Hermita, N., Vebrianto, R., Mujtahid, I., Sulistiyo, U., & Samsudin, A. (2023). Reflection of Indonesian Educators on the Implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 10(3), 684–700. https://doi.org/10.53400/mimbar-sd.v10i3.64864
Rossouw, M., & Steenkamp, G. (2025). Developing the critical thinking skills of first year accounting students with an active learning intervention. The International Journal of Management Education, 23(1), 101086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.101086
Ruslim, I., & Khalid, F. (2024). The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Differentiated Instruction Classrooms. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i8/22435
Saa, S. (2024). Merdeka Curriculum: Adaptation of Indonesian Education Policy in the Digital Era and Global Challenges. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18, e07323. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n3-168
Simanjuntak, S. D., Tinambunan, R., Imelda, I., Sembiring, R. K., & Sitepu, I. (2023). Effectiveness of Differentiation Learning Strategies in Mathematics Learning at Junior High School. Edunesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 4(1), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v4i1.310
Singh, H., & Singh, M. H. (2014). Differentiating Classroom Instruction to Cater Learners of Different Styles Differentiating Classroom Instruction to Cater Learners of Different Styles EDUCATION. Article in Indian Journal Of Applied Research. https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/December2014/25
Smaldino, S. E., Lowther, D. L., & Russell, J. D. (2014). Instructional Technology & Media For Learning: Teknologi Pembelajaran dan Media untuk Belajar. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=opk-DwAAQBAJ
Smiderle, R., Rigo, S. J., Marques, L. B., Peçanha de Miranda Coelho, J. A., & Jaques, P. A. (2020). The impact of gamification on students’ learning, engagement and behavior based on their personality traits. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0098-x
Soraya, S., & Azrina, H. (2023). ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF THE MERDEKA CURRICULUM IN IMPROVING THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF FIQH" (Case Study of Class X in MAN 2 Bekasi City).
Šorgo, A., Ploj Virtič, M., & Dolenc, K. (2023). The Idea That Digital Remote Learning Can Happen Anytime, Anywhere in Forced Online Teacher Education is a Myth. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 28(4), 1461–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-023-09685-3
Sunarto, M. J. D., Hariadi, B., & Lemantara, J. (2024). Developing A Differentiated Learning Model Based on Artificial Intelligence : Implementation in The Mathematics Classroom. Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 10(2), 416. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v10i2.11135
Taylor, S. (2017). Contested Knowledge: A Critical Review of the Concept of Differentiation in Teaching and Learning. In Transforming Teaching WJETT (Vol. 1).
Tomlinson, CA. (2000). Reconcilable differences? Standards based teaching and differentiation. Educational leadership: journal of the Department of Supervision and Curriculum Development, . Journal of the Department of Supervision and Curriculum Development, , 58, 6–11.
van Geel, M., Keuning, T., & Safar, I. (2022). How teachers develop skills for implementing differentiated instruction: Helpful and hindering factors. Teaching and Teacher Education: Leadership and Professional Development, 1, 100007. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tatelp.2022.100007
Veryawan, V., Hasibuan, R. H., Anisaturrahmi, A., Rosmiati, R., Fitriani, D., Hafiz, A., & Rahma, R. (2023). Analysis of the implementation of the Merdeka curriculum with Pancasila-profiled learners in early childhood education. Aṭfālunā Journal of Islamic Early Childhood Education, 6(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.32505/atfaluna.v6i2.6517
Wijayaningputri, A. R., Innany, M., & Murtyas, G. D. (2024). Application of teaching module as an implementation of “Curriculum Merdeka” for fourth-grade students at Kuala Lumpur Indonesian School. In Strengthening Professional and Spiritual Education through 21st Century Skill Empowerment in a Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era (pp. 178–183). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003376125-24
Woodcock, S., Hitches, E., & Manning, A. (2023). ‘The hardest part is…’: Teacher self-efficacy and inclusive practice. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100289
Yelkpieri, D., Namale, M., Esia-Donkoh, K., & Ofosu-Dwamena, E. (2012). Effects of Large Class Size on Effective Teaching and Learning at the Winneba Campus of the UEW The Background of the Study.
Yoto Marsono, A. S. P. A. N. M. A. R., & Paryono. (2024). The role of industry to unlock the potential of the Merdeka curriculum for vocational school. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2335820. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2335820
Zerilli, Linda M G. (2022). Critical historiography and the problem of judgment. European Journal of Political Theory, 22(3), 490–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/14748851221098188
Zhao, Z., Alzubaidi, L., Zhang, J., Duan, Y., & Gu, Y. (2024). A comparison review of transfer learning and self-supervised learning: Definitions, applications, advantages and limitations. Expert Systems with Applications, 242, 122807. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.122807
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License and Publishing Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities tacitly or explicitly of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with JK agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Licensing for Data Publication
-
Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.